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A consolidation range, also known as a trading range, refers to a period in the financial markets when the price of an asset moves within a defined range, showing little overall direction. During consolidation, the price fluctuates between a well-defined upper resistance level and a lower support level. This phase occurs after a trend and typically precedes a breakout in either direction, signaling the continuation or reversal of the prior trend.

Characteristics of a Consolidation Range

1. **Sideways Movement**: Prices move horizontally within a specific range rather than trending upwards or downwards.
2. **Boundaries**: The range is defined by a resistance level (upper boundary) and a support level (lower boundary).
3. **Decreasing Volume**: Trading volume often decreases during consolidation as the market participants wait for a breakout.
4. **Multiple Tests**: Prices may repeatedly test the support and resistance levels without breaking through.

Identifying a Consolidation Range

1. **Support and Resistance Levels**: Identify the horizontal lines where prices consistently bounce off (support) and where prices face difficulty moving past (resistance).
2. **Volume Analysis**: Observe the trading volume, which usually decreases during consolidation.
3. **Pattern Recognition**: Look for common consolidation patterns such as rectangles, flags, or pennants.